摘要椎弓根螺钉固定术自20世纪50年代首次报道以来,目前已成为恢复脊柱稳定性的最常用手术方法之一。尽管椎弓根螺钉具有良好的固定能力,但固定失败的案例仍有发生,常见的问题包括螺钉的断裂、松动等。螺钉松动是其最常见的并发症之一。螺钉松动主要是由于固定强度不足导致的,文献报道其发生率为0.6%~27.0%,而对于骨质疏松的患者,其发生率甚至可能高达60%。椎弓根螺钉的稳定性主要取决于骨螺钉界面强度,目前术者主要根据患者术前骨密度(bone mineral density,BMD)、影像学资料以及术中的“置钉手感”来评估骨螺钉界面强度。术者的“置钉手感”,其可量化指标即为椎弓根螺钉的插入扭矩(insertional torque,IT),也有文献译为拧入扭矩。有研究报道椎弓根螺钉插入扭矩与螺钉的抗拔出力呈正相关,Mizuno等还指出椎弓根螺钉插入扭矩可能作为预测术后螺钉固定的稳定性的指标之一。因此,大部分脊柱外科医生都希望在椎弓根螺钉置入过程中获得良好的插入扭矩,以使螺钉具有良好的稳定性。本文就椎弓根螺钉插入扭矩的相关影响因素综述如下。
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