Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) combined with posterior fixation and transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) in the treatment of lumbar tuberculosis.Methods A total of 126 patients with lumbar tuberculosis admitted to the Second Department of Spinal of the People’s Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region from January 2018 to May 2021 were retrospectively analyzed.48 cases were finally included for analysis.They were divided into two groups according to different surgical methods.The OLIF group (n＝26) had 12 male and 14 female patients.The patients aged 30 to 72 years，with a mean age of (49.62±16.70) years.The TLIF group (n＝22) had 12 male and 10 female patients.The patients aged 30 to 75 years，with a mean age of (51.41±15.30) years.The operation time，intraoperative blood loss，hospital stay，visual analogue scale (VAS)，activities of daily living (ADL)，Oswestry disability index (ODI)，erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)，C-reactive protein (CRP) and complications and other related parameters were counted.Results All patients were followed up in local hospital or outpatient department of our hospital after operation，with an average follow-up time of (11.50±2.13) months.The VAS and ADL，ODI，ESR and CRP in the two groups were significantly improved compared with those before operation，and the differences had statistical significance (P＜0.05).There was no significant difference between the OLIF group and the TLIF group in the operation time，intraoperative blood loss，hospital stay，VAS and ADL，ODI，ESR，and CRP blood parameters (P＞0.05).1 patient in the OLIF group showed femoral nerve injury，and the walking ability was basically recovered by rehabilitation physiotherapy of 3 months，and 3 patients developed subcutaneous fat liquefaction after surgery，which had recovered after active dressing change and anti-inflammatory treatment.No nerve injury was found in TLIF group，but delayed healing due to fat liquefaction was found in 4 patients，and the incision healed by second operation for debridement and dressing change.Conclusion One-stage OLIF and TLIF can obtain similar results in the treatment of single-level lumbar tuberculosis.TLIF does not have strict requirement of body，has a short overall learning curve，and is relatively simple to perform in primary hospitals and young physicians.However，OLIF has some weaknesses for patients with large body mass index，but it generally has the advantages of short operation time，less intraoperative bleeding，less damage to the tissue around the middle and posterior columns，less irritation to the spinal nerves，large effective area of bone graft，and more lesion clearance.Both procedures have their own characteristics，so the surgical plan needs to be selected according to the patient’s radiology and condition.