摘要19世纪六七十年代,Bianco等发现骨髓中含有一种能自身繁殖的间质细胞群,简称成纤维细胞集落形成单位(colony forming unit of fibroblast,CFUF)。研究发现,这是一类广泛存在于骨髓及间叶组织中的细胞,具有多向分化潜能,学者们将此类细胞称为间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cell,MSC)。MSC周围的细胞和微环境精确调节间充质干细胞的动态平衡。微环境因子失调会引起间充质干细胞功能增强或减弱。骨髓MSC功能减弱会导致组织再生的障碍,如骨质疏松;反之,MSC功能增强会导致间充质组织异位生长,如异位骨化。无论是获得性还是遗传性异位骨化,为通过模型研究MSC功能增强与疾病的关系提供了可能。
骨髓MSC常被作为细胞再生疗法的理想供体细胞,但只有少数研究关注活体微环境对骨髓MSC的作用。了解微环境因子失调如何导致骨髓间MSC下游的病理生理过程,将为最终明确骨髓MSC的分化及生理功能打下基础,下面对影响骨髓MSC分化的微环境因素进行综述。
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