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Abstract Objective To establish an animal model of rabbit basilar compartment syndrome and to use nerve growth factor (NGF) for neuroprotection and repair early to achieve early treatment of nerve injury in compartment syndrome.Methods Experiments were performed at the Animal Laboratory of Nantong University from September 2016 to December 2017.Twenty-four rabbits were divided into three groups：control group (8)，injury non-injection NGF group (8)，and injury-injected NGF group (8).The animal model of fascia compartment syndrome was made by using the tourniquet method and was loosened by tightly dressing the calf of one side of the rabbit after tourniquet for 8 hours.Measurements were made at 4 hours，8 hours，1 day，3 days，5 days，7 days，2 weeks，and 4 weeks after release of the tourniquet.Western blotting was used to investigate the changes of nerve cell proliferation after nerve injury in rabbits with compartment syndrome.In the injury injection group，the nerve growth factor (PEPRO TECH.INC) was injected locally immediately after the model was successfully prepared.The solution was injected intramuscularly with 2 ml of saline solution，30 μg each time，once a day for 4 weeks.The experimental rabbits (control group)，5 days after injury (injured noninjection group)，and 5 days after injury (injury injection group) rabbit hind leg nerve samples were collected for immunofluorescence experiments and HE staining analysis.Results After loosening the tourniquet，the injured calf rapidly swelled.After 4 hours，the pressure in the fascia reached (2.0±0.2)kPa.It peaked after 1 day，and then gradually decreased.Western blot showed that PCNA showed low expression in the control group and began to upregulate after 4 hours in rabbit compartment syndrome.The expression peaked at 5 days (P＜0.05).Then，PCNA gradually decreased.The results of HE staining showed that nerve fiber breakage，edema，vacuoles，and irregular shape of tissue morphology were observed in the non-injected NGF group 5 days after injury，while the experimental group given NGF injection had significantly better tissue morphology at the same time point.Double-labeled fluorescence results showed that NGF injection after rabbit osteofascial compartment syndrome promoted nerve recovery by increasing early Schwann cell proliferation.Conclusion This model can simulate clinical practice better.The change of pathological index can objectively reflect the severity of the disease，and it can prove that nerve injury can occur early in the compartment syndrome.Early application of NGF has a significant effect on the treatment of nerve injury in compartment syndrome.
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